Lifestyle

Issues diagnosis of pregnancy troubled people since ancient times. To find out whether the pregnant woman in ancient Egypt, she was given a drink made from special herbs (bududu-ka), and milk of women who bore a boy. If this drink cause vomiting, then a woman is pregnant, otherwise the pregnancy was absent. The Jews were forced to determine the pregnancy woman walking on the soft grass: if we remain a deep impression, so the pregnancy existed.

Midwives Ancient Greece had already considerable knowledge. For example, pregnancy tests are based on a number of objective evidence: the absence of menstruation, lack of appetite, excessive salivation, nausea, the appearance of yellow spots on the face. However, they resorted to such ridiculous Drugs: the sight of a woman rubbing a red stone, and when the dust fell into the eyes of a woman was considered pregnant, otherwise the pregnancy denied.

Follow up:

Even Hippocrates (460-377 BC) was a lot of false and erroneous ideas about pregnancy. In particular, he believed that pregnancy can be recognized by his eyes, but at the same time one of the first signs of pregnancy, he considered ending monthly.

Soranus of Ephesus (1 century AD) established the following signs of pregnancy: delayed menses, swelling of the mammary glands, and vessels of the skin mammary made tortuous, bluish and swollen, there is the urge to vomit, appear under the eyes dark circles, and on the face of sometimes yellow spots, with the passage of time increases, and a pregnant belly begins to feel fetal movement.

Diagnosis of pregnancy gradually improved, respectively, the development of human society. Today the diagnosis of pregnancy is put on the survey, physical examination of women and laboratory research methods.

Signs of pregnancy on their diagnostic value is divided into tentative and likely to appear relatively early, and reliable, usually detectable in the second half of pregnancy. Understandably, therefore, that the use of reliable signs for early diagnosis of pregnancy is impossible.

Among the alleged (dubious) characters that appear early, but not with each pregnancy, but still have some diagnostic value, are:

Diarrheal illness, feeling a sense of heaviness in the epigastric region, excessive salivation, nausea, morning vomiting, fasting, changes in appetite or aversion to certain types of food (usually meat), the appearance of any particular interest to the acute and especially acidic foods, constipation, a desire to consume food inedible substances lime , chalk, clay, etc.

Functional disorders of the nervous system and psyche: a slight annoyance, aggravation of smell and hearing, tearfulness, isolation.

Changes in metabolism: the deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially in the abdomen, pigmentation of nipples and areola, the white line, and sometimes the face.

The appearance of bands (scarring) of pregnancy.
All these symptoms are common in pregnant women, but not necessarily related to pregnancy, and therefore called speculative.

Among the probable signs of pregnancy can be classified as follows:

Cessation of menstruation in healthy, sexually active women of childbearing age.

Stagnation cyanotic coloration of the mucous entrance to the vagina, its walls and the vaginal part of cervix. Increasing the size of the uterus, respectively deadline delayed menses, changes its normal shape and consistency.

Breast engorgement and the appearance of their colostrum.
All of these symptoms in most cases really characterize pregnancy, but can sometimes appear, and other causes. For example, a delay of menstruation may be of psychogenic nature, caused an increase in uterine growing tumor. Therefore, listed signs of pregnancy are valuable not taken separately but together.

For reliable (certainly) the grounds of pregnancy include:

Determination of the fruit with the feeling of the uterus, is most easily able to identify a round, dense part of the crown, as well as small parts of the arms and legs.
Stirring of the fetus, determined by hand exploring.
Listening to fetal heart using a stethoscope or cardiomonitoring.

These features are 100% certify the pregnancy, but are late, as can be observed only with the end of IV or V early months of pregnancy. One of the important moments in the diagnosis of pregnancy is a vaginal examination and palpation of the uterus so this should elaborate. The value of normal not pregnant uterus in the longitudinal axis is approximately 79 cm (at neberemenevshih somewhat lower in parous few more). With the onset of pregnancy and in the process of its development of uterine size increases. Until the end of III month of pregnancy the uterus is still in the pelvic cavity and can be only went over the vaginal examination. Only after this deadline will not umeschayas in the pelvis, the uterus comes out of it and maybe went over the part of the abdominal wall, and subsequently leads to a marked increase in the abdomen.

Normal non-pregnant uterus is usually pear-shaped, somewhat flattened in the anteroposterior size. With the onset of pregnancy is in the process of further development of the uterus changes shape. First, it takes a spherical shape, then a few asymmetric, spherical, and then again by the end of pregnancy ovoidnuyu.

Acquisition of the uterus a globular form, along with other signs of a hallmark of pregnancy. Spherical shape of the uterus can be observed already with 5 - 6 weeks of pregnancy, and this form can be kept to about 9 - 10 weeks.

Starting from 7-8 weeks of pregnancy the uterus becomes asymmetric, namely: one of the corners a few stuck out as if vybuhaet compared to the other side. The appearance of asymmetry due to the fact that the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus is usually near the mouth of the pipe on which the egg transport. This characteristic shape of the uterus during this period of pregnancy was awarded first Piskachekom (Piscacek) and offered them as a diagnostic criterion. Later with the development of pregnancy, uterine body asymmetry disappears, and then the symptom Piskacheka will no longer be determined.

Consistency with the onset of pregnancy changes: it becomes much softer. Softening of the uterus is due to increase in size and number of muscle fibers from the enrichment of organ blood stagnation. Smart softening observed in the isthmus of the uterus.
Sometimes softening so pronounced that the study of the body of the uterus appears as if separated from the cervix. The second feature of the pregnant uterus is the volatility of its consistency. In the study of the pregnant uterus initially indicated its myagkovataya consistency, and in the research process and the uterus becomes thicker. Such a change in the uterus at the time of the study is particularly characteristic sign for pregnancy.

To diagnose a very early pregnancy is usually an internal midwifery research is not always possible, as obtained in this basic signs of pregnancy can be detected not earlier than 5-6 weeks of pregnancy. Prior to this period of pregnancy does not lead to tangible changes in the uterus. Even for long periods sometimes create full confidence in the accuracy of the data. Yet often required to establish the existence of pregnancy after 5 weeks, for example for the production of mini-abortion.

Methods of determining pregnancy
Imperfection palpation method of early diagnosis of pregnancy has long been thought directed at finding other methods based on the identification of those changes in a woman's body that occur with the onset of pregnancy.

Study of biochemical changes occurring in the body of a pregnant, allowed to offer different reactions by which tried to diagnose pregnancy. The evolution of these methods was quite long and still ongoing. This method improved parallel development of science and the emergence of new knowledge, and especially the successes associated with the development of biochemistry and immunology. All methods are based on the identification of blood or urine of women in the pregnancy hormone - human chorionic gonadotropin. This substance is found in modern techniques in the blood of women in a week after conception.

The most widely practiced rapid diagnosis of pregnancy using test systems, based on the principle of chromatography. The sensitivity of the test is sufficient for virtually 100% accurate diagnosis of pregnancy at 1-day delay in the expected monthly, and often as possible and for 3-5 days before the delay. With this test, in many cases detected and ectopic pregnancy, however, to distinguish it from the uterine pregnancy on the basis of this single test can not.

Now on sale are various diagnostic tests to detect the presence of pregnancy independently at home. Most often, this test is a test strips, immersed in urine for 1-2 minutes. As the number of colored bands are judged on the presence of pregnancy.

Using enzyme immunoassay can accurately determine the amount of chorionic gonadotropin in the blood. But for the diagnosis of pregnancy usually do not use this method because there is no need. But in some cases, such a definition is of practical significance. For example, to monitor the nature of pregnancy, diagnosis of trophoblastic disease, ectopic pregnancy.

Another well-known and available method of diagnosis of early pregnancy is ultrasonography (U.S.). It reveals the pregnancy about a 5-6 day delay in menses. On examination, a special transvaginal probe (which is inserted into the vagina), this can be done for 1-3 days earlier. In these terms can be seen on ultrasound in utero fetal egg diameter of 4-6 mm.